Easily first among the toothy, mismatched creatures Greek mythology offers us is Medusa. She’s a longtime love of mine. I’ve even written about her before on this blog — “Fiorenze Henderson” and “Pentimento” and “Medusa Meets Monty Python” — but most notably in a post in which I theorized that she could be a symbol for the vilified female artist. Gaze and statues and all that. It makes sense. Look into it. She’s strange and supremely lethal and quite confusing given her dual origin stories.
Recently, a fellow blogger wrote a retrospective of the many appearances of ol’ Snakeylocks in video games. She’s a regular, whether she’s depicted as a vixen with an awkward hairdo or an out-and-out monster. Whatever the design, she’s popular in video games because she’s from Greek mythology — thus her presence doesn’t offend Christians — and she’s a powerful female figure.
Reading the article sent me looking into Medusa. I was surprised to find that her name means “queen” — or, literally, “female ruler” or “female guardian” — in some old form of Greek. How odd. Some postulate that the Medusa character may have arisen from a particularly disliked female ruler whom folklore had transformed into a literal monster by the time the Greeks began telling stories. I, however, would wager that something else may have caused the name “Medusa” to ultimately be associated with the ugliest, the most dangerous and the most genuinely awful woman in the canon of literature. (Yes Jezebel and Lady MacBeth were bad, but people could at least look at them without dying.)
Before I ended up completing the English degree I started college pursuing, I bounced around in a few different departments. I took four linguistics classes with Arthur Schwartz, a great professor who helped me get more out of the language I grew up speaking than anybody else who’s ever taught me. One of the things that has long stood out in my head is the phenomenon of words for “left” becoming pejorative over time. For example, look at the following words for “right” from various Indo-European languages.
- Latin: dexter
- Italian: destra
- German: recht
- French: droite
- Spanish: derecho
- Persian: rast
Now note the same languages’ words for “left.”
- Latin: sinister
- Italian: mancino
- German: link
- French: gauche
- Spanish: izquierda
- Persian: chap
This post, however, concerns Medusa. Using the logic of the eventual debasement of words for “left,” I’d wager something similar happened with Medusa. Just as the longstanding view of western culture regards the left hand as the inferior of the right, women, unfortunately, have long been regarded as the inferiors to men. I think that because of this prejudice, words referring to women also suffer the same fate.
I can think of a few examples in contemporary English-speaking culture. Another bit I learned in one of Schwartz’s classes is that a little-known word exists that is a perfect homonym for “queen.” It’s “quean,” which is sometimes spelled “kwean” or “kween,” depending on who’s doing the translating. Now obsolete, “quean” refers to women of little status — nobodies, serfs and the like. The Scots still use it this way. Outside of Scotland, however, the word can also refer to a prostitute or even a male homosexual, the latter of which is made all the more confusing by the fact that we use the more familiarly spelled “queen” today to also mean a male homosexual. The whole essence of what I’m going for here is that queens and queans could easily be considered social opposites. And I find it very interesting that a language would allow for two words with identical pronunciation to mean opposites.
Though it’s probably the best example, we have a few terms we use commonly that work in a similar way. The word “madam,” for example, should be a term of respect, but I know I can’t hear it without hearing the meaning that refers to women in charge of brothels. Likewise, “lady” should be the respectful way one refers to a woman of standing, but to call a woman that — as in, “Listen, lady” — is often considered impolite. A “princess” is more commonly understood as a spoiled girl than the Diana or Cinderella types. “Mary,” long the most common girls' name in the United States, is now a commonly understood term for a male homosexual, which doesn't carry as much perjorative weight today, sure, but did when the term first originated. And then there's “spinster,” “mistress,” “witch,” “bitch,” and “actress” as opposed to “actor.” Even the title “Miss” is now considered improper.
It happens. Words take on new meaning over time, and unless they refer to what their speakers consider good, those meanings often turn out to be bad. I can only imagine that “Medusa” — being an old, old word — has slowly transformed into from a female ruler to the single worst female entity you’d ever want to encounter.
I just enjoy that this monster has roots in something far different. In Sexual Personae, Camille Paglia writes that Medusa is an inherently sexual character. “She is Medusa, in whom Freud sees the castrating and castrated female pubes. But Medusa's snaky hair is also the writhing vegetable growth of nature. Her hideous grimace is men's fear of the laughter of women.” I think she makes a point. And I also think that whether people process the notion of Medusa’s origins or not, they’re aware of her dual nature on some level.
To go back to the Medusa-in-video games post, why else might this loathsome woman come to be represented as beautiful?

Nothing is more interesting than when it’s something and that things opposite at the same time. Does that even make sense?
Very interesting. I've been thinking about the sublime a lot lately, and it kind of relates to what you're talking about: to define something utterly (with words) takes away its power, whereas to describe around something makes its essence fluid and gives it more power. This kinda goes against the norm in that the inability to define something should, theoretically, take away its power, but Coleridge suggests the exact opposite is true for these reasons. Because the thing that is not defined can only exist wholly in the mind, it is imbued with the power of imagination and relates to the individual in a way that something solid never can. He uses the description of Death in Dante's Inferno to prove this point: in literal art depictions, Death comes across as a skeleton. Not very scary. In Dante's prose, however, Death hovers between different descriptions and refuses to be defined: he can only wholly exist in the imagination. I've been thinking about this in regard to Nabokov's Pale Fire (which I'm reading right now), but maybe it has some application to the fluidity of female terminology.
ReplyDeleteOr maybe not.
I'm ill!
So, I'm glad that you enjoyed the class you took with Schwartz. (I assume it was Ling 60? Word Origins?) I am not a fan of the man. I took 160, Structure of English, and hated nearly every minute of it.
ReplyDeleteThat aside, this is an excellent examination of the pejoration of a varietry of words, sometimes the most obvious cases of which are found in terms that refer to women.
To add to your discussion, there are a few terms that lock inequality into the language either through their original usages or their pejoration over time.
A courtier is a man who resides in the kings court. The feminine form of this is courtesan. Clearly, a courtesan has a very different way of serving her king.
If you ever want to check out some linguistics-related stuff, I'd be happy to oblige.
Medusa is a lot of fun. I love how old a figure she is, and how Fruedian.
ReplyDeleteI've always wanted to look into the other Greek female monsters - the Harpies, the Fates, the Sirens, even Charybdis, who looks like a giant toothy vagina to me.
I know this is old but I have to point out an inaccuracy. It's a reflex.
ReplyDeleteThe Italic words are indeed related to each other, but the German and Persian words come from a different source (PIE *reǵ- "right") and are cognate with English "right" and Latin "rectus".
No, by all means. Thanks for the correction. I'll fix the post itself when I get around to it.
ReplyDelete